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ELVAC-2001

Computer Models For Fire and Smoke
  • Model Name: ELVAC
    Version: 1.00
    Classification: Evacuation Time Calculation
    Very Short Description: Calculates emergency evacuation time using elevators.

    Modeler(s), Organization(s): Daniel M. Alvord, John H. Klote, NIST

    User’s Guide: Klote, J.H. and Alvord, D.M. 1992. Routine for Analysis of
    the People Movement Time for Elevator Evacuation,
    National Institute of Standards and Technology, NISTIR
    4730.
    Technical References: Klote, J.H. and Alvord, D.M. 1992. Routine for Analysis of
    the People Movement Time for Elevator Evacuation,
    National Institute of Standards and Technology, NISTIR
    4730.
    Validation References: None
    Availability: NIST
    Price: Free
    Necessary Hardware: PC 286
    Computer Language: BASIC
    Size: 78 KB
    Contact Information: John H. Klote, JHK, Inc., McLean, VA, phone 703-3561691


    Detailed Description:

    ELVAC (Elevator Evacuation) is an interactive computer program that estimates the time
    required to evacuate people from a building with the use of elevators and stairs. It is
    cautioned that elevators generally are not intended as a means of fire evacuation, and they
    should not be used during fires. However, it is possible to design elevator systems that for
    fire emergencies, and ELVAC can be used to evaluate the potential performance of such
    systems. ELVAC calculates the evacuation time for one group of elevators. If a building
    has more than one group of elevators, ELVAC can be run on each group separately. Input
    consists of floor to floor heights, number of people on floors, number of elevators in the
    group, elevator speed, elevator acceleration, elevator capacity, elevator door type and
    width, and various inefficiency factors. The output is a table of elevator travel time,
    round trip time, people moved, and number of round trips for each floor plus the total
    evacuation time.

  • 254557, Email: neil.ketchell@aeat.co.uk
    Detailed Description:
    EGRESS makes use of a user defined plot plan of the structure being evacuated and

    models the movement of people, as individuals, around it. A simple example is shown.


    In EGRESS "people" are modeled as individuals on a grid. The simulation technique
    used is based on the use of cellular automata. At each "time-step" the "people" move
    from cell to cell based on the throw of a weighed die. The weights required for the die are
    calibrated against information on speed, or flow, as a function of density, so that the
    experimental data can be adequately represented where it is valid. EGRESS has been
    validated against a range of available evacuation trials by simply drawing up the


    configurations and using all the default parameters. The agreement between the code and
    measured evacuation times was of order ±20%, except where specific features (eg. an
    aircraft over-wing exit) were not included in the default modeling. EGRESS 5.4 has a wide
    range of facilities available to account for important features and these would normally be
    used in a simulation.

    EGRESS enables an event to be mapped onto the plan to look at the impact it has on the
    available routes as the event progresses. It allows the impacts of different behaviors to be
    evaluated, as well effects of congestion and bottlenecks.

    EGRESS can model many thousands of people and several square kilometers of plan
    area, which is typically divided up into separate floor areas connected by stairways, etc.
    EGRESS has been used for a large variety of evacuation simulations ranging from
    offshore oil and gas installations, to ships, railway stations, chemical plant, aircraft, trains
    and places of public entertainment.

 
 
 
 
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