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Model Name: ELVAC
Version: 1.00
Classification: Evacuation Time Calculation
Very Short Description: Calculates emergency evacuation
time using elevators.
Modeler(s), Organization(s): Daniel
M. Alvord, John H. Klote, NIST
User’s Guide: Klote, J.H.
and Alvord, D.M. 1992. Routine for Analysis of
the People Movement Time for Elevator Evacuation,
National Institute of Standards and Technology,
NISTIR
4730.
Technical References: Klote, J.H. and Alvord,
D.M. 1992. Routine for Analysis of
the People Movement Time for Elevator Evacuation,
National Institute of Standards and Technology,
NISTIR
4730.
Validation References: None
Availability: NIST
Price: Free
Necessary Hardware: PC 286
Computer Language: BASIC
Size: 78 KB
Contact Information: John H. Klote, JHK, Inc.,
McLean, VA, phone 703-3561691
Detailed Description:
ELVAC (Elevator Evacuation) is an
interactive computer program that estimates the
time
required to evacuate people from a building with
the use of elevators and stairs. It is
cautioned that elevators generally are not intended
as a means of fire evacuation, and they
should not be used during fires. However, it is
possible to design elevator systems that for
fire emergencies, and ELVAC can be used to evaluate
the potential performance of such
systems. ELVAC calculates the evacuation time
for one group of elevators. If a building
has more than one group of elevators, ELVAC can
be run on each group separately. Input
consists of floor to floor heights, number of
people on floors, number of elevators in the
group, elevator speed, elevator acceleration,
elevator capacity, elevator door type and
width, and various inefficiency factors. The output
is a table of elevator travel time,
round trip time, people moved, and number of round
trips for each floor plus the total
evacuation time.
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254557, Email: neil.ketchell@aeat.co.uk
Detailed Description:
EGRESS makes use of a user defined plot plan of
the structure being evacuated and
models the movement of people, as
individuals, around it. A simple example is shown.
In EGRESS "people" are modeled as individuals
on a grid. The simulation technique
used is based on the use of cellular automata.
At each "time-step" the "people"
move
from cell to cell based on the throw of a weighed
die. The weights required for the die are
calibrated against information on speed, or flow,
as a function of density, so that the
experimental data can be adequately represented
where it is valid. EGRESS has been
validated against a range of available evacuation
trials by simply drawing up the
configurations and using all the default parameters.
The agreement between the code and
measured evacuation times was of order ±20%,
except where specific features (eg. an
aircraft over-wing exit) were not included in
the default modeling. EGRESS 5.4 has a wide
range of facilities available to account for important
features and these would normally be
used in a simulation.
EGRESS enables an event to be mapped
onto the plan to look at the impact it has on
the
available routes as the event progresses. It allows
the impacts of different behaviors to be
evaluated, as well effects of congestion and bottlenecks.
EGRESS can model many thousands
of people and several square kilometers of plan
area, which is typically divided up into separate
floor areas connected by stairways, etc.
EGRESS has been used for a large variety of evacuation
simulations ranging from
offshore oil and gas installations, to ships,
railway stations, chemical plant, aircraft, trains
and places of public entertainment.
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