On Thursday, April 11, 1996, a fire in anoccupied passenger terminal at the airportin Düsseldorf, Germany, killed 17 people and injured 62.The fire began at approximately 3:31 p.m., about the time someone reported seeing sparks falling from the ceiling int he vicinity of a flower shop at the east end of the arrivals hall on the first floor. When two fire fighters from the Airport Fire Brigade responded curb side to the terminalat 3:33 p.m., they detected an odo rinside the building and asked that an electrician respond, as problems with the motors on the automaticdoors in the area had been reportedin the past. At 3:38 p.m., however,smoke was seen coming from thevents in the flower shop, and the ceiling began to glow and drop burning members. All airport apparatus and personnel were requested and were on the scene by 3:40 p.m.

The fire was finally declared under control at 7:20p.m., 3 hours and 49 minutes after the first report of sparks was called in.According to the Düsseldorf Fire Brigade, seven ofthe victims died in two elevators, five in one and two in another. It was determined that some of the people were on the roof of the parking garagewatching planes take off and land when they saw smoke coming from the terminal and decided to leave using the elevators. Unfortunately, the elevators opened into the fire area on the firstlevel. Eight more victims died in aVIP lounge on the third level,which was a mezzanine overlookingthe second, or departure, level of the building. Another victim died in a lavatory, although his exact location is not known. The location of the last victim, who died several weeks after the fire, is also unknown at this time.German authorities determined that the fire began when a welder working on expansion plates in aroadway above the lower level of the terminal building ignited the polystyrene insulation used in the void above the ceiling on the first level. The smoke and flames spread throughout the first level,then extended to the second level through unprotected open stairwells and escalator openings. The fire did significant damage in the vicinity of the stairwells, and heavy smoke damage throughou tapproximately two-thirds of the second and thirdlevels. Smoke also spread to the fourth level through unprotected escalator openings. The area where the fire occurred was not equipped with any automatic sprinkler systems. Dry stand-pipes were located in the stairwells on the curb sideof the terminal building, but they were not connect ed to a municipal water supply and had to becharged by fire apparatus. The building was also equipped with an alarm system that used voice annunciation in German, French, and English.Manual pull stations and smoke detectors were located throughout the building, but there was nosmoke detection in the void, since it reportedly was not used as a return air plenum.The airport was completely shutdown for 3 1/2 days following thefire. Limited operations wererestored the Monday after theblaze, and the airport was back to90 percent operations as of July 1,1996. Tents and hangars were usedas temporary terminals.Several factors were determinedto have contributed significantly to the loss of life and propertyd amage:Several factors were determined to have contributed significantly to the loss of life and property damage:

Several factors were determined to have contributed significantly to the loss of life and property damage:

• Failure of workmen to take adequate precautions during welding operations
• The presence of combustible insulation in the ceiling void above the lower level of the terminal
• A lack of automatic suppression systems in the void and in the occupied area of the terminal
• Unprotected vertical openings that allowed the fire and smoke to spread to the upper levels
• The transmission of erroneous information over the voice annunciation system during the first 10 minutes of alarm activation.
• The ability to shut down the public address system in the lounges. (This system was also used to transmit the emergency voice announcements.)
• Inadequate means of egress capabilities from the VIP lounge on the mezzanine level
• Two occupied elevators that opened directly into the fire area

Other significant factors that arose during the fireground operations include the following:

• Lack of adequate communications capabilities between the command staff and the fire fighting units
• Insufficient radio frequencies available for fire ground operations
• Lack of awareness of the building layout
• No fire fighter accountability system
• Insufficient command staff to manage the incident